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Tuesday, August 02, 2005

Sky Dive!

This is the acclamation of avid maniacs. When I was an undergrad, I went with some friends from Austin up to Georgetown to do some skydiving at the local airport. It was a fun time but since we jumped with static-lines the free fall time was only until the static line pulled the shoot open. Nevertheless, jumping out of the airplane was certainly exhilarating, and even more so when I tangled myself in the static-line and almost lost my head when it snapped taught. This experience came to mind as I read an article by David Popenoe for my dissertation, which he later published as a book entitled Life Without Father, on the problem of the absent father in the United States. He found that there was a direct correlation between the absent father and the decline of the nuclear family, which he describes as in “free fall” since the 1960s. Free fall may be fine if you’re sky diving and have a parachute to help break your fall. But it is not so clear that there is a parachute for authentic family life. While many sociologists like to pretend that this is just another step in the evolution of marriage and family, and that all will be fine—just different, the sociological evidence runs contrary. The “new” family is generally absent the father and the social ills directly attributable to this do not bode well for society’s survival. The first step to solving the problem is recognizing there is one and that something can be done to turn it around. The next step I suppose is to work in our own families to keep them focused on Christ and to give our children a healthy understanding of the anti-gospel message they will get from society.
By the way, we got home last night and I am off today to Champaign, IL. There is a good comment to a previous post on nurture v. nature by Huck Finn, a response to which will have to await my return. In short though, I will say that the more one writes the more trouble he can get himself into. I will probably not get any posts in for Wednesday until late.

21 Comments:

Anonymous Concerned said...

Unfortunatly, there are some who have suffered throughout their childhood with fathers who were feared and/or hated (for what ever reason). How does one overcome such deep, emotional scars caused by men who were a source of fear, pain and abuse? Referring back to the post on nature vs. nurture, can women who were physically and emotionally abused by men be so tramatized they see men as animals to be feared?
Boys need men to set an example of what it means to be a father. I am concerned that society has not put any value on fatherhood has a vocation that must be preserved to improve our disfunctional and sick society.

8/02/2005 09:34:00 AM  
Blogger shelray said...

In circumstances where children may be exposed to an abusive and violent environment, a child may be better off without a father. But as far as society adopting the father as an option to the family unit, we are doomed to be a lost, confused culture. The family is the foundation of society and has a huge impact on what kind of people we will be.

8/02/2005 09:48:00 AM  
Blogger Todd said...

I'm also convinced of the need for a positive father figure in everyone's life. But I'm interested in why sociologists would date the "free fall" to the 60's and not the late 40's and 50's. The decline of the nuclear family was in full swing in the post WWII years as people left ethnic neighborhoods in cities for gleaming new suburbs. And the rural life was in decline even prior to the Depression.

I'm not convinced that society is totally bereft of values, either. I'd encourage my child to reject society's bad values and embrace and support the good ones, those in harmony with her Christian upbringing.

8/02/2005 11:50:00 AM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

Society appears to have issues with submission to authority. I was raised in a "traditional" home where my father was the boss, no questions asked. How many women in western culture would admit to ever being submissive to their husbands? Submission is seen by many as a weakness that is common in abusive relationships. Needless to say, this concept is no longer embraced in modern western culture, but (in my opinion) is an essential component to a healthy, functional family unit .
I am not sure, but wasn't the part of women being submissive to their husbands taken out of the marriage vows? Today, I am not sure that many men (fathers and husbands)have earned the confidence of their wives to be the head of the household, nor does it seem that many men even want to assume this role. Just a thought.

8/02/2005 12:32:00 PM  
Anonymous Mr. Mom said...

Submissive!!! If I told my wife she is supposed to be submissive, I would have to do the morning dishes too.

8/02/2005 12:44:00 PM  
Blogger Todd said...

"Society appears to have issues with submission to authority."

These issues may be well-founded. Take a look at it on a national scale: Canada had an easy transition from colony to dominion, but the US and Australia developed rather more antipathy toward authority. Things like penal colonies and patriot movements will do that to you.

I've heard the father image best analyzed as teaching his children--sons and daughters both--to set boundaries. It's not so much learning to be a father as it is to experience a balance of what is needed to reach adulthood as a healthy, responsible person.

8/03/2005 09:43:00 AM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

Fathers are needed by both sons and daughters. It is not only for little boys to learn how to be husbands and fathers, but to (hopefully) develope into well adjusted adults. Of course, there are always exceptions and, as mentioned earlier, there may be circumstances where one parent may be preferable to avoid situations that may cause harm.
Does anyone have any current statistics on how single parent homes affects the children?
But for there to be order in a home, there can only be one in a position of final authority.

8/03/2005 11:44:00 AM  
Blogger shelray said...

WOW! Who needs a father?!!!

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services states, "Fatherless children are at a dramatically greater risk of drug and alcohol abuse" --Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Center for Health Statistics. Survey on Child Health. Washington, DC, 1993.

Children growing up in single-parent households are at a significantly increased risk for drug abuse as teenagers. --Source: Denton, Rhonda E. and Charlene M. Kampfe. "The relationship Between Family Variables and Adolescent Substance Abuse: A literature Review." Adolescence 114 (1994): 475-495.

Children who live apart from their fathers are 4.3 times more likely to smoke cigarettes as teenagers than children growing up with their fathers in the home. --Source: Stanton, Warren R., Tian P.S. Oci and Phil A. Silva. "Sociodemographic characteristics of Adolescent Smokers." The International Journal of the Addictions 7 (1994): 913-925.

Children in single-parent families are two to three times as likely as children in two-parent families to have emotional and behavioral problems. --Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Center for Health Statistics."National Health Interview Survey." Hyattsville, MD, 1988.

Three out of four teenage suicides occur in households where a parent has been absent. --Source: Elshtain, Jean Bethke."Family Matters: The Plight of America's Children." The Christian Century (July 1993): 14-21.

In studies involving over 25,000 children using nationally representative data sets, children who lived with only one parent had lower grade point averages, lower college aspirations, poor attendance records, and higher drop out rates than students who lived with both parents. --Source: McLanahan, Sara and Gary Sandefur. Growing up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994.

Fatherless children are twice as likely to drop out of school. --Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Center for Health Statistics. Survey on Child Health. Washington, DC; GPO, 1993.

School children from divorced families are absent more, and more anxious, hostile, and withdrawn, and are less popular with their peers than those from intact families. --Source: One-Parent Families and Their Children: The School's Most Significant Minority. The Consortium for the Study of School Needs of Children from One-Parent Families. National Association of elementary School Principals and the Institute for Development of Educational Activities, a division of the Charles f. Kettering Foundation. Arlington, VA 1980.

Adolescent females between the ages of 15 and 19 years reared in homes without fathers are significantly more likely to engage in premarital sex than adolescent females reared in homes with both a mother and a father. --Source: Billy, John O. G., Karin L. Brewster and William R. Grady. "Contextual Effects on the Sexual Behavior of Adolescent Women." Journal of Marriage and Family 56(1994): 381-404.

A white teenage girl from an advantaged background is five times more likely to become a teen mother if she grows up in a single-mother household than if she grows up in a household with both biological parents. --Source: Whitehead, Barbara Dafoe. "Facing the Challenges of Fragmented Families." The Philanthropy Roundtable 9.1 (1995): 21.

8/03/2005 12:03:00 PM  
Anonymous jb said...

Shelray, I'd be careful reading too much into a lot (but not all) of the data you posted, because to find a correlation between "no father" and, well, let's just say "bad things" (to be general about it) all other things must be equal.

Your point is noted, but just as a friendly reminder. I'm guessing you've read all of those sources and would know that the data was interpreted correctly.

8/03/2005 09:21:00 PM  
Blogger shelray said...

This post has been removed by a blog administrator.

8/03/2005 10:37:00 PM  
Blogger shelray said...

jb, point taken, I agree that statistics can be manipulated by randomized sampling, size of study, demographics, etc..to support just about any agenda. The findings were interesting so I did want to identify the source. The most common source is the Dept. of Health and Human Services.
Thanks for the feed back.

8/03/2005 10:40:00 PM  
Blogger Todd said...

"Does anyone have any current statistics on how single parent homes affects the children?"

I heard one tidbit at a workshoip earlier this year that was shocking. At least 90% of convicted felons in the US prison system had an absent father.

8/04/2005 09:33:00 AM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

the key with all these statistics is that they are correlation studies. And as I've had drilled into my head in every statistics course I've taken "Correlation is NOT causation" (thank you to all my hard working professors- I actually remember something). None of these studies show that lack of a father causes these "bad things." The results could easily mean that some other variable that is common in households without a father is actually causing the "bad things" and creating the correlation between "bad things" and lack of a father. I'm not saying that the lack of a father does not have negative effects but that we should be careful in calling the effects well documented. These studies do not show cause and effect at all.

8/05/2005 03:19:00 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

I've read a study that says that 90% of all statistics are made up...

8/05/2005 08:16:00 PM  
Blogger shelray said...

Re: Anonymous (Aug 5), I think I know what you are saying. It is possible for a child who does not have a father living in the same household to be more emotionally stable than a child who does. That being said, there is an overwhelming trend of problems with children who do not have a father living in the same household vs. those who do. Of course, it is impossible to have a clinical radomization since we are dealing with a collection of individuals with unique histories and personalities. I don't think a P value of clinical significance or a hazard ratio is what we are looking for. A trend of this magnitude with a known common variable cannot be minimized.

8/05/2005 08:34:00 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

I'm not sure why there is a debate whether or not the father is a correlation or a cause. It doesn't matter what term you assign, the bottom line is when a father is missing, the odds are greater that bad things will happen to the children.

8/05/2005 08:45:00 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

actually it matters greatly- for example all those bad things could be caused by say poverty and it just so happens that fathers tend to be absent more often in poor families (thus producing the correlation). Not to single out poverty- there are so many possible variables like that. You need to control for possible variables like that in order to make any kind of statement. So anonymous the "bottom line" is that if the absent father is not indeed the cause of these problems (but only a correlated variable) then we may be able to fix many of the "bad things" more effectively by dealing with other varables.

8/06/2005 01:29:00 AM  
Blogger Todd said...

Studies and their interpretations can be flawed, yes. People can also deny evidence in front of their noses and rely on personal feelings or the relativity of their personal experience. It depends on the truth, and people's willingness to search for truth or be challenged and reformed by it.

8/06/2005 10:10:00 AM  
Blogger shelray said...

Well said Todd. For anyone who wants to disprove this fact has the burden of nullifying the overwhelming data. The fact remains that parents are accountable to meet the needs of their children and they need to be aware of the potential harm done when a father is absent in the home. I agree that correlating factors need to be fixed once the damage is done, but I don't think we will find any magic bullet to replace the role of the father.

8/06/2005 10:50:00 AM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

no the burden is not on naysayers to deny this evidence because a correlation study CAN NOT SHOW CAUSATION. AT ALL. PERIOD. SO there is no evidence except that where bad things tend to happen one variable that also tends to be present is an absent father. A relationship is not cause and effect relationship. The burden is on people who want to show that there is indeed a cause and effect relationship between absent fathers and these "bad things" to use proper experimental designs, variables and statistical methods to prove this. otherwise you are falling into the classic trap of saying well there's so much evidence that there's a relationship that it MUST be a causal relationship. There is probably no one variable at play here and it's probably the case that a number of social/family factors should be addressed to strengthen families/parenting. So in a way the one anon poster is quite right in saying that the emphasis on trying to get an ideal statistical study completed is less useful than identifying contributing factors and trying to address them. But at the same time, it's important not to let your own intuitions about the father being so central to the family lead you to jump on the bandwagon for studies that don't relly say much of anything.

8/06/2005 04:55:00 PM  
Blogger David said...

I do not know if Anon has seen the studies about which he is commenting but it would be incorrect to say that all (or even most) are solely correlation studies. They do in fact look at causality but not in the manner of a design of experiments approach. Even a Taguchi matrix is not workable in trying to isolate one factor from another. However, it is true that these studies will not generally show whether the absent father is the fundamental cause or a significant contributing factor which actually has a more fundamental cause.

Nevertheless, many of these studies have accounted for other possible factors (such as poverty which is quickly ruled out because impoverished societies do not experience these problems unless the father is not present).

There is definitely a cause and effect relationship which can be explained most thorougly by Christian anthropology but even secular anthropology provides a reasonable cause and effect explanation (given the close correlation of absent fathers and no other as highly correlated factors which have been identified).

That said, even simple correlation studies are useful for making inferences when you have a well worked out model which includes causality phenomena. This is especially the case when you look at the correlation of a multitude of possible factors and find that the absent fathers in this case have a very high correlation.

8/08/2005 07:17:00 PM  

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